| Al-Mutawa and Al-Mutairi [y@323015] |
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures on the mental health of the general population in the Gulf Cooperation Council states: A cross-sectional study. |
|
To assess the impact of the pandemic on mental health and investigate the potential risk factors.
Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. |
14,171 |
Cross-sectional survey |
Symptoms of depression were endorsed by 80.1% of participants, anxiety by 67.3%, post-traumatic stress by 65.2%, and insomnia by 63.9%. Symptoms were more prevalent in individuals who were in lockdown for more than 30 days compared with those in lockdown for less than 7 days. Being female and a younger age were associated with a higher likelihood of developing symptoms. |
| Amendola et al. [y@323016] |
Mental health of Italian adults during COVID-19 pandemic. |
|
To explore the impact of the public health emergency due to COVID-19 on
adults’ mental health after a month of home isolation.
Italy. |
299 |
Cross-sectional online survey |
Women reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance than men. Age and the ability to adapt to a new environment and cope with illness were negatively associated with symptoms of psychopathology. Perceived social support was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. |
| Amerio et al. [y@323017] |
COVID-19 lockdown impact on mental health in a large representative
sample of Italian adults. |
|
To assess the impact
of national lockdown measures on depression, anxiety, insomnia, and quality of life.
Italy. |
6,003 |
Web-based cross-sectional survey |
National-level prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms doubled during lockdown (to 33.2% and 41.5% respectively), affecting more than one-third of the general adult population. Women’s mental health worsened more than men’s. Worsening depressive symptoms were more likely in young participants and in those who spent more time outdoors before the lockdown. Overall, 31.5% reported worsened sleep quantity, 35% worsened sleep quality, and 64.1% worsened quality of life. |
| Benke et al. [y@323018] |
Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety, and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic
among adults from Germany. |
|
To examine the effects of different types and levels of restriction from public health measures on anxiety and depressive symptoms, health anxiety, loneliness, the occurrence of fearful spells, psychological distress, and life satisfaction.
Germany. |
4,335 |
Cross-sectional online survey |
Higher restrictions from lockdown measures were associated with increased loneliness, psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction but not associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms or fearful spells. |
| Czeisler et al. [y@323022] |
Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during a prolonged COVID-19-related lockdown in a region with low SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. |
|
To assess mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation in a diverse sample of Victorian adults.
Victoria, Australia. |
1,531 |
Online survey |
Increased screen time was associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Reduced time outdoors was associated with adverse mental health symptoms. One-tenth of participants reported increased substance use to cope. Poor mental health symptom prevalence was consistent for a year. |
| Fiorenzato et al. [y@323024] |
Cognitive and mental health changes and
their vulnerability factors related to COVID-19
lockdown in Italy. |
|
To explore the cognitive functioning and mental health changes and their possible interplay in
relation to the COVID-19 lockdown.
Italy. |
1,215 |
Online survey |
Higher severity and prevalence of depression, anxiety disorders, abnormal sleep, appetite changes, reduced libido, and health anxiety under restrictions. Being female, under 45 years old, working from home, being unemployed or frequently consuming COVID-19 mass media information were risk factors for worsening mental health. |
| Gualano et al. [y@323028] |
Effects of Covid-19
lockdown on mental health and sleep disturbances in Italy. |
|
To estimate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbances in the Italian population during the last weeks of lockdown.
Italy. |
1,515 |
Online cross-sectional questionnaire |
Prevalence of anxiety (23.2%) and depression (24.7%) along with sleep disturbances (42.2%) and moderate/severe insomnia (17.4%). Being female increased the likelihood of at least one mental health outcome. Increasing age lowered the likelihood of anxiety. |
| Kochhar et al. [y@323031] |
Lockdown of 1.3 billion people in India during Covid-19 pandemic: A survey of its impact on mental health. |
|
To assess the mental health impact of the lockdown on the population of New Delhi.
New Delhi, India. |
992 |
Web-based questionnaire |
More than half (55.3%) of participants experienced trouble sleeping during lockdown (most prevalent in those aged 30–50 years old) and 12.1% felt helpless and depressed. This could be associated with increased anxiety and stress. |
| O’Donnell et al. [y@323038] |
The longitudinal effect of COVID-19 infections and lockdown on mental health and the protective effect of neighbourhood social relations. |
|
To quantify the impact of the second lockdown in Melbourne on levels of depression, anxiety, and loneliness and to analyse if social relations buffer against lockdown effects.
Melbourne, Australia. |
3,028 |
Longitudinal three-way survey |
Lockdown increased depressive symptoms by 23% and loneliness by 4%. No effect on anxiety was detected. Neighbourhood social relations were strongly negatively associated with mental health symptoms. |
| Pandey et al. [y@323040] |
Psychological impact of mass quarantine on population during pandemics—The COVID-19 lock-down (COLD) study. |
|
To explore the degree of psychological distress in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress in the adult population in India during 21 days of lockdown.
India. |
1,385 |
Cross-sectional online survey |
An 8- to 10-fold increase in depression (30.5%) and anxiety (22.4%) during lockdown compared to baseline levels. Stress was reported by 10.8% of respondents. Levels were significantly higher in the third week compared to the second week. The most affected age group was between 18 and 30 years old. Women were more susceptible to suffering from depression, anxiety, and stress. |
| Papageorgiou et al. [y@323041] |
Mental health and wellbeing during the first vs. second COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Cyprus. |
|
To provide an overview of the psychological impact of COVID-19 across two lockdowns in the Cypriot population.
Cyprus. |
957 |
Online survey |
Most participants reported moderate levels of stress. Approximately 11% reported higher levels of stress.
The feeling of “togetherness” because of global lockdowns acted as a buffer to negative effects. |
| Park et al. [y@323042] |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the
lifestyle, mental health, and quality of life of
adults in South Korea. |
|
To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing, and stay-at-home strategies in Koreans over 20 years old.
South Korea. |
104 |
Cross-sectional online survey |
Decreased quality of life and mental health in participants after the pandemic struck. Decline in engagement in physical and meaningful activities including leisure, social activities, and education. |
| Rossi et al. [y@323044] |
COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown
measures impact on mental health
among the general population
in Italy. |
|
To assess the rates of mental health outcomes in the Italian general population 3 to 4 weeks into lockdown measures and explore the impact of COVID-19-related potential risk factors.
Italy. |
18,147 |
Web-based questionnaire |
High rates of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety symptoms, insomnia, and perceived stress. Younger women (average age: 38) were found to be more likely to experience mental health outcomes including depression, anxiety, insomnia, and perceived stress compared to older women and men. Outcomes were associated with quarantine, lockdown measures, deceased loved ones, and discontinued working activity. |
| Siette et al. [y@323047] |
A national survey on COVID-19 second-wave lockdowns on older adults’ mental wellbeing, health-seeking behaviours, and social outcomes across Australia. |
|
To identify the impact of the second wave of lockdowns on older Australians’ quality of life, and to compare the impact of lockdowns in Victoria to other states and territories.
Australia. |
2,990 |
Cross-sectional online questionnaire |
Lower quality of life due to social isolation, access to information on the pandemic from multiple sources on the risks of COVID-19 for older adults, postponements of non-critical medical appointments, and financial concerns. Symptoms of increased helplessness and stress. Being female also predicted lower quality of life. While 40% expressed a negative impact, over half of respondents indicated a mix of both positive and negative impacts of COVID-19. |
| Stieger et al. [y@323049] |
Emotional well-being under conditions of lockdown: An experience sampling study in Austria during
the COVID-19 pandemic. |
|
To examine the extent to which being outdoors vs. indoors, loneliness, and screen time is associated with emotional wellbeing 2 weeks after the start of a nationwide curfew due to the pandemic.
Austria. |
286 |
Experience sampling method (daily questionnaires 3 times a day for 21 days) |
Being outdoors was associated with higher emotional wellbeing. Increased loneliness and screen time were associated with poorer wellbeing. The association between loneliness and wellbeing was stronger when indoors. |
| White & Van Der Boor [y@323051] |
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and
initial period of lockdown on the mental
health and wellbeing of adults in the UK. |
|
To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and wellbeing.
United Kingdom. |
600 |
Cross-sectional online survey |
Markedly higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with feeling more isolated than usual during lockdown or agreeing that the pandemic was jeopardising one’s livelihood. Perceiving increased kindness and community connectedness was associated with better mental health and wellbeing. |